Marijuana’s dopamine boost terrifies prohibitionists

Reactionaries who oppose recreational marijuana rest their objections solely upon its ability to produce pleasure in its users. Cannabis advocates argue that pleasure is as much a legitimate medical treatment as a trip to a luxury health spa. The political and moral divide involving recreational drugs is bound up in antiquated philosophical debates regarding stoicism and Epicureanism. Beginning with early Christian leaders like the stoic Ambrose of Milan (339–397 CE) hedonism via chemicals was believed to be a source of decadence in people and particularly those in leadership positions. It was presumed that decadence and debauchery could trigger the destruction of empires. It was never that simple.

The culprit at the center of the dispute is a neurochemical called dopamine. Dopamine increases its concentration in the brain as THC interacts with cannabinoid receptors. It’s called the feel-good neurotransmitter because of the vital role it plays in brain chemistry with regard to motivation, pursuits of pleasure and mental and physical rewards.

Believing that THC is morally harmful because it increases dopamine makes little sense once it’s understood that dopamine blood levels will also increase with physical exercise, a healthy diet, getting enough sleep, meditation, listening to music, spending time outdoors in the sunlight, attending health spas, and pursuing positive social activities that include hobbies, achieving goals, and socializing. Foods rich in tyrosine such as almonds, avocados, bananas, eggs and beans also boost dopamine levels. None of these activities or foods are prohibited or criminalized in the manner of marijuana.

U.S. federal drug policies that currently criminalize marijuana consumers lag behind many cultures that accept its medical use, like modern Islam. American religions, sects, and cults rejecting marijuana use tend to be at the forefront of drug enforcement. Despite endless arguments condemning hedonism no evidence exists that cannabinoids ever destroyed empires and societies or killed people.

Confucianism is another religion that scapegoats drugs for the self-indulgences of leaders and other social disruptions. As Confucianism became a state ideology in the 6th century CE cannabis use in Japan, China, and Korea was suppressed. East Asian prohibition of cannabis was due largely to its use being associated with nomadic Central Asian invaders.

Early Egyptian, Greek, Carthaginian and Roman civilizations were kind enough to allow their citizens the use of cannabis during all the empires’ phases from rise to fall. Cannabis never hindered a great civilization’s empowerment or world dominance. Lazy stoner stereotypes didn’t exist. Instead, stoned Egyptian stonemasons and engineers built the pyramids and fit the large stones together with a precision unequaled for its time. Greek and Roman architecture, culture, science and intellectualism flourished along with the use of cannabis. Hannibal and his fellow Carthaginians consumed marijuana in the form of a tea. As for the fall of empires or city states, historians typically attribute the causes of decline to economic instabilities, corruption, military defeats, mega-droughts, famine, meteors, salinization of farm soil, isolationism and social upheavals—never marijuana.

Marijuana’s usefulness and its effect upon empires can be better understood by treating it as a dopamine booster or accelerator. Combining marijuana with music seems to make the music sound better. It gives its users an improved appetite—the munchies. Combining THC with meals can improve the taste of food, which is why it can be used medically to stimulate the failing appetites of cancer patients.

Public polling in the U.S. indicates marijuana’s role as the scapegoat for society’s ills is coming to an end. When its federal criminalization ceases it will mark a horribly traumatic defeat for prohibitionists. Rejecting the use of mind altering drugs the drug warriors will have no reliable way to treat their mental pain and anguish when they clock out from their jobs for the very last time.

On the other hand, stoic reactionaries who believe suffering is good for the soul, that life is nasty, brutish, and short, and that it should remain that way, may require public assistance and specialized attention that guarantees their continuing misery. Torture salons and pain spas might work. Packaged vacation trips to the Guantanamo Bay detention camp could become a big thing. Patrons of misery could relish the rack or the cat o’ nine tails. Christianity could revive and promote its practice of self-flagellation.

Whatever new or old services emerge, systemic wretchedness will always be available in stoic societies in the form of social stagnation, a lack of empathy and social bonding, suppressed emotions, inflexibility leading to a lack of adaptability, and detachments from external events or outcomes—a prohibitionist’s paradise.

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11 Responses to Marijuana’s dopamine boost terrifies prohibitionists

  1. Servetus says:

    Scientists in Philadelphia at the University of Pennsylvania have discovered the brain circuitry implicated in cocaine addictions:

    26-Feb-2025 – Imagine a future where the grip of cocaine use disorder can be loosened, where cravings fade, and the risk of relapse diminishes. A new study published in Science Advances, led by Penn Nursing’s Heath Schmidt, PhD, brings this vision closer to reality. The research has identified a critical brain circuit that plays a pivotal role in regulating cocaine-seeking behavior. […]

    This study delves deep into the brain, offering crucial insights into the underlying mechanisms of this complex disorder. By understanding how this intricate circuitry functions, scientists can pave the way for the development of more effective therapies […]

    At the heart of this discovery lies the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a hormone known for its involvement in regulating food intake and blood sugar. The study reveals that chronic cocaine use is associated with reduced GLP-1 levels, effects that suggest that increasing central GLP-1 signaling could reduce cocaine seeking.

    Further investigation pinpointed a specific brain circuit: GLP-1-producing neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) that project to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a key brain region involved in reward and motivation. By manipulating this circuit, researchers were able to significantly reduce cocaine-seeking behavior in animal models.

    The study also sheds light on the specific cells involved. GLP-1 receptors were found to be primarily located on GABA neurons within the VTA. GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, plays a crucial role in regulating brain activity. Importantly, activating these GLP-1 receptors increases the activity of GABA neurons, which in turn reduces the activity of dopamine neurons, a key neurotransmitter involved in reward and addiction. […]

    AAAS Public Science News Release: A new path to recovery: Scientists uncover key brain circuit in the fight against cocaine use disorder

    Science Advances: An endogenous GLP-1 circuit engages VTA GABA neurons to regulate mesolimbic dopamine neurons and attenuate cocaine seeking

    Authors: Riley Merkel, Yafang Zhang, Antonia Caffrey, Matthew T. Rich, Richard C. Crist, Benjamin C. Reiner, and Heath D. Schmidt.

  2. Servetus says:

    Addiction pathways in the brain are discovered to be critically influenced by astrocytic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs):

    2-Mar-2025 — A recent study published in Engineering delves into the complex mechanisms of drug addiction, highlighting the crucial role of astrocytic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This research offers fresh perspectives on understanding and potentially treating substance-use disorders (SUDs).

    For a long time, neuroscience research on drug addiction mainly focused on neuronal mechanisms. However, emerging evidence shows that astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system, also play a significant part. Astrocytes are not just passive supporters of neurons; they actively regulate synaptic transmission and neural network functions.

    The study specifically examines two types of GPCRs expressed on astrocytes: dopamine D1 receptors (D1R) and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGLUR5). These receptors respond to various ligands, modulating astrocytic signaling and, in turn, influencing adjacent neurons and their circuitry. […]

    D1R … has been detected in multiple brain regions, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc). In NAc astrocytes, D1R-mediated signaling is complex. Activation of astrocytic D1R-IP3 signaling leads to adenosine release, which decreases glutamatergic transmission to NAc medium spiny neurons. Mice lacking functional astrocytic IP3R2 or D1Rs show attenuated behavioral sensitization to amphetamine, indicating the role of astrocytic D1Rs in drug-induced neuroplasticity.

    These findings about astrocytic GPCRs in drug addiction are significant. They not only enhance our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying SUDs but also open up new possibilities for developing more targeted therapeutic approaches. […]

    AAAS Public Science News Release: New insights into drug addiction: The role of astrocytic G protein-coupled receptors

    Science Direct: Engineering: Astrocytic G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Drug Addiction

    Authors: Alexander K. Zinsmaier, Eric J. Nestler, Yan Dong.

  3. Siân Llad newydd says:

    Saint Barthwell was right; you maricocoswrs are a threat to decent cardigans, everywhere!

  4. Servetus says:

    Scientists develop a molecule that mimics the pain relieving activity of cannabinoids without cannabis’ other mental side effects.

    05-MAR-2025 — In the quest to develop a safe, effective alternative to opioids, researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and Stanford University have developed a compound that mimics a natural molecule found in the cannabis plant, harnessing its pain-relieving properties without causing addiction or mind-altering side effects in mice.

    While more studies are needed, the compound shows promise as a nonaddictive pain reliever that could help the estimated 50 million people in the U.S. who suffer from chronic pain. […]

    “The custom-designed compound we created attaches to pain-reducing receptors in the body but by design, it can’t reach the brain. This means the compound avoids psychoactive side effects such as mood changes and isn’t addictive because it doesn’t act on the brain’s reward center.”

    “For millennia, people have turned to marijuana as a treatment for pain,” explained co-corresponding author Robert W. Gereau, PhD, the Dr. Seymour and Rose T. Brown Professor of Anesthesiology and director of the WashU Medicine Pain Center. “Clinical trials also have evaluated whether cannabis provides long-term pain relief. But inevitably the psychoactive side effects of cannabis have been problematic, preventing cannabis from being considered as a viable treatment option for pain. However, we were able to overcome that issue.”

    The mind-altering properties of marijuana stem from natural molecules found in the cannabis plant referred to as cannabinoid molecules. They bind to a receptor, called cannabinoid receptor one (CB1), on the surface of brain cells and on pain-sensing nerve cells throughout the body. […]

    Working with collaborators at Stanford University, co-first author Vipin Rangari, PhD, a WashU Medicine postdoctoral research associate in Majumdar’s laboratory, designed a cannabinoid molecule with a positive charge, preventing it from crossing the blood-brain barrier into the brain while allowing the molecule to engage CB1 receptors elsewhere in the body. By modifying the molecule such that it only binds to pain-sensing nerve cells outside of the brain, the researchers achieved pain relief without mind-altering side effects. […]

    WashU Medicine: Compound harnesses cannabis’ pain-relieving properties without side effects: Mouse study points to an effective alternative to opioids

    Nature: <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08618-7"A cryptic pocket in CB1 drives peripheral and functional selectivity

    Authors: Rangari VA, O’Brien ES, Powers AS, Slivicki RA, Bertels Z, Appourchaux K, Aydin D, Ramos-Gonzalez N, Mwirigi I J, Lin L, Mangutov E, Sobecks BL, Awad-Agbaria Y, Uphade MB, Aguilar J, Peddada TN, Shiimura Y, Huang XP, Folarin-Hines J, Payne M, Kalathil A, Varga BR, Kobilka BK, Pradhan AA, Cameron MD, Kumar KK, Dror RO, Gereau IV RW, and Majumdar S.

  5. Son of Sam Walton says:

    The local VA clinic in my small town supports Cannabis use over the standard meds they dish out for pain (including Asprin), sleep, anxiety, and RSIs. But they are much bigger on CBD than THC, even though the Doctor said that Cannabis and high blood pressure are not related.

    Sadly I have to give cannabis up for now because of drug tests for a new job, though I’ll be requesting employment at a place that either doesn’t do it or doesn’t care about medical marijuana after the initial pre-employment drug test. And it takes 90 days to get approved to work at a Marijuana grow farm or a dispensary, so as long as the minimum wage is $12.50hr, I’ll bite the bullet on wages. I just hope there are some good factories that don’t really care. I cannot stand all this Made in China stuff because it represents slavery in Iraq (oil turned into Plastics/fuel Chinese Industry) and Afghanistan (tech minerals). At least I can still eat mushrooms. About to do it for the first time without cannabis . . . I’ve never done any hallucinogens without cannabis outside of nutmeg and that was nearly 28 years ago. Every Monday night from 10-midnight, my local radio stations plays all Hippi music, from King Crimson to Eric and the Animals, plus so many that were only one hit/album wonders from all over Europe and America . . . it is called “Stuck in the Psychedelic Era”. And if you Lemon Tek, your big mushroom trip (even up to 10 grams) will only last maybe–just maybe four hours in intensity before the near total come-down, unlike traditional tea or eating them, which can last six-eight hours.

    Why on earth is “Workingman’s Dead” such a short record? It is way too short. New Law: all Grateful Dead albums must be at least 2hrs.

    • Son of Sam Walton says:

      OT: has anybody experienced that their all-time favorite album doesn’t come from their favorite band?

  6. author says:

    What is your opinion on the effectiveness of the ONDCP’s current strategies?

    • Servetus says:

      A sizeable drop in opioid deaths is attributable to the ONDCP’s social and medical intervention programs or strategies. However, addiction is not curable. So far it is only treatable, and it continues to slowly rise in overall numbers. By curable I mean an addiction treatment or set of drugs that can quickly return a human brain to what it was before the addiction set in so that all desire for the drug ceases. Pathways for addiction are wired into the brain with an addictive drug’s continued use. There are other physical brain changes as well. Some people have a genetic component that makes them more prone to opioid addictions.

      Scientific research is currently focused on identifying addiction pathways, with a number of recent successes involving cocaine and opioids. The aim is to find a quick way to affect, alter or deconstruct the brain’s addiction pathways using a medicine or procedure that hasn’t been developed yet. Until a cure for addiction is discovered I don’t think the ONDCP’s strategies are going to be effective much beyond what the agency has already achieved.

  7. Servetus says:

    Female sex hormone protects against opioid misuse; male and female rats respond differently to fentanyl:

    10-Mar-2025 — The opioid epidemic has claimed more than half a million lives in the U.S. since 1999, about three-quarters of them men, according to the National Institutes of Health. Although men’s disproportionate rates of opioid abuse and overdose deaths are well-documented, the reasons for this gender disparity are not well understood.

    A new study in rats by researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis suggests that one underlying cause may be biological. Male rats in chronic pain gave themselves increasing doses of an opioid – specifically, fentanyl – over time, while female rats with the same pain condition kept their intake at a constant level, similar to what is seen in people. The behavioral difference was driven by sex hormones, the researchers found: treating male rats with the hormone estrogen led to them maintain a steady level of fentanyl intake.

    The findings, published March 10 in the journal Neuron, indicate that differences in how men and women use and misuse opioids may be driven by their hormones, and that a deeper understanding of how sex hormones interact with chronic pain could open up new approaches to addressing the opioid epidemic.

    “These data suggest that men may be inherently predisposed to misuse opioids in the context of pain because of their balance of sex hormones,” […]

    Most people who misuse opioids take the drugs to relieve pain, but men are more likely to overdose on opioids than women are, even though they suffer less chronic pain, according to data from national surveys. Scientists hypothesize that something other than, or in addition to, chronic pain must be putting men at higher risk of developing problems managing their opioid use. […]

    The researchers discovered an important difference between male and female rats in the amount of dopamine released after a dose of fentanyl. Females produced the same amount of dopamine from fentanyl over the course of the experiment, regardless of whether they were in pain or not. Males that were not in pain responded like females. In contrast, males in chronic pain generated a bigger and bigger dopamine response to fentanyl over time. In other words, pain made the feel-good part of opioids feel even better for males, but not for females. […]

    Further experiments revealed that sex hormones were responsible for the different dopamine responses in male and female rats.

    Ovaries are the primary source of sex hormones in females, producing estrogen, progesterone and small amounts of testosterone. The researchers found that female rats whose ovaries had been removed responded to fentanyl like males did, with increasing amounts of dopamine released and an increase in opioid-seeking behavior. In contrast, males that were given estrogen had dopamine responses and opioid-seeking behavior similar to females. The findings suggest that a drop in estrogen levels with menopause may help explain why older women have higher rates of opioid abuse compared to younger women, Higginbotham said. […]

    AAAS Public Science News Release: Female sex hormone protects against opioid misuse, rat study finds — Male – but not female – rats in chronic pain self-administer increasing amounts of fentanyl, which is prevented with estrogen treatment

    Neuron: Estradiol protects against pain-facilitated fentanyl use via suppression of opioid-evoked dopamine activity in males

    Authors: Jessica A. Higginbotham, Julian G. Abt, Rachel H. Teich, Joanna J. Dearman, Tania Lintz, Jose A. Morón.

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