Marijuana potencies and transitioning to Schedule III

Complaints about the concentrations and strengths of active ingredients in commercial grades of marijuana are being raised by cannabis critics such as Malcolm Ferguson who appears to confuse marijuana’s THC with potentially lethal mind-affecting drugs. Much as Ferguson would have people smoke rope instead of dope, too many politicians and public officials need to educate themselves about toxicity and the history of medicine before speaking publicly about marijuana.

Toxicities of dangerous drugs are measurable and comparable. In toxicology, the LD-50 is defined as the lethal dosage of a chemical needed to kill 50-percent of a test population of some unfortunate lab rats. For humans, multiplying the LD-50 for rats by a person’s body weight in kilograms gives the approximate lethal dosage for that person. For morphine, the LD-50 is 200-300 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) of human body weight. For cocaine the LD-50 is 96 mg/kg, for methamphetamine it is 55-57 mg/kg, for heroin it is 21.8 mg/kg, and for fentanyl it is 2.61 mg/kg. The LD-50 for marijuana is considered out of reach for a fatal dose, with an estimate of 20,000 to 40,000 marijuana joints needing to be smoked in quick succession. There has never been a documented case of a fatal overdose from marijuana in the 12,000 year known history of its use. In contrast, over-the-counter aspirin resulted in 20,000 overdoses in 2004 that killed 43 American citizens.

And recently a meta-analysis of various published papers raised a prohibitionist red flag by stating that marijuana use can lead to a greater number of head and neck cancers. Marijuana ingredients tested on lab rats are not cancerous. However, when it’s burnt its combustion products can create health problems. Cancerous byproducts include tars, carbon monoxide and other chemical compounds found in tobacco smoke. Bypassing the problem involves doing what chronic smokers have always done by changing the means of ingestion using bongs, hookahs, vapes and cartridges, or by using small amounts of concentrated and more potent forms of marijuana such as oils, hashish, or edibles that reduce or avoid burning the vegetable matter and hemp fibers that produce toxins.

Ancient Mediterranean people and their physicians had a better drug classification system. They divided medications into two categories. One category included deadly drugs like opium and hemlock (Latin: venenum), with the second category consisting of herbs and medications which were never fatal (Latin: remedium). Under the Greek and Roman classifications opium was sharply distinguished from cannabis. Safe use of opium could require careful supervision by a physician familiar with dosages and tolerances. Hashish didn’t.

The early Greek and Roman physicians and scholars who wrote about cannabis included Galen, Oribasius, Aëtius of Amida, Dioscorides, a Greek travel writer named Pausanius, the historians Strabo and Herodotus, and the Roman military commander and naturalist writer Pliny the Elder. Byzantine Greek texts known as the Hippiatrica contain the medical manual of the veterinary surgeon Apsyrtus providing cannabis information for treating horses. Nearly everyone grew marijuana for personal use and no record has been found claiming it created health or social problems. Growers made distinctions between two types of marijuana. Wild cannabis was called indica while the much preferred backyard cultivated and bred variety was called sativa. All the writings present clear evidence to justify a laid back and realistic approach to classifying marijuana.

A new and improved drug scheduling system would reflect the wisdom of the Ancients. It would scrap the current classifications in favor of new ones bearing distinctions based on a drug’s actual toxicity. Had this been done in 1970 when the drug schedules were created and implemented under President Richard Nixon and John Erlichmann, cannabis sativa and indica and magic mushrooms would never have fallen into the same category as heroin. The confusion over switching marijuana from Schedule I to Schedule III could have been averted.

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7 Responses to Marijuana potencies and transitioning to Schedule III

  1. Servetus says:

    A BMC study in the country of Georgia showed no increase in marijuana use by people under 21 years of age after its legalization in 2018:

    17-Oct-2024 — A new study from researchers at Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center (BMC) has found that cannabis use among young adults in the country of Georgia, did not increase following recreational use legalization, despite having easier access.

    “We saw that a country can carefully legalize cannabis use, without a surge in use in the mid-term. It would be reasonable to additionally actively regulate and control production and distribution, to restrict black market, control the quality of products while keeping populations, particularly young people, safe. […]

    Georgia legalized cannabis consumption and decriminalized cannabis possession in 2018, becoming one of the first countries in the world and the first in the region to do so. Restrictions on use by persons younger than 21, including the sale and distribution, were retained. The researchers conducted a national, wide-scale survey in 2015 and again in 2022, comparing the data to see how cannabis use changed among young adults following legalization. While usage did not increase following the legalization, they did find age of first use increased significantly. Additionally they found the use of cannabis was associated with gambling, tobacco smoking, alcohol use and with having a higher income.

    According to the researchers, recreational cannabis use legalization, as implemented in Georgia, could be a useful example of balancing public liberty and public health interests. “This research provides crucial scientific evidence to inform the ongoing discussions surrounding the impact of cannabis legalization, particularly its limited effect on usage rates among emerging adults. […]

    AAAS Public Science News Release: Study finds legalization didn’t increase recreational cannabis use among young adults in country of Georgia

    Addiction: Post-legalization shifts in cannabis use among young adults in Georgia—A nationally representative study

    Authors: Ilia Nadareishvili, Sowmya R. Rao, David Otiashvili, Natalia Gnatienko, Jeffrey H. Samet, Karsten Lunze, Irma Kirtadze.

  2. Servetus says:

    A 37-percent decrease in ODs from opioids combined with other drugs was achieved using drug treatments, drug education, and naloxone:

    21-Oct-2024 – COLUMBUS, Ohio – Expanded treatment options, increased naloxone distribution and targeted education campaigns likely led to a 37% reduction in overdose deaths from opioids combined with stimulant drugs other than cocaine, according to the results of a large federally funded study.

    The finding came from a planned study of secondary outcomes of the HEALing (Helping to End Addiction Long-Term) Communities Study (HCS), which tested an intervention encompassing data-driven adoption of evidence-based practices for reducing overdose deaths in Kentucky, Massachusetts, New York and Ohio.

    Death rates from specific combinations of opioids with stimulants other than cocaine, most commonly fentanyl mixed with methamphetamine, were 8.9 per 100,000 adults in intervention communities compared to 14.1 per 100,000 adults in comparison communities that did not receive the intervention – a statistically significant difference. […]

    With the prescription medications that started the opioid crisis harder to obtain by the time the trial began, fentanyl was rapidly entering the illicit drug market in combination with methamphetamine, cocaine, counterfeit pills and other stimulants, said Bridget Freisthler, lead author of the new study and a professor at The Ohio State University.

    “Now we have a whole new group of people developing addiction to opioids,” said Freisthler, Ohio’s principal investigator for the HEALing Communities Study. “It was nice to see that we were able to achieve reductions in overdose deaths involving this combination of opioids, primarily fentanyl and psychostimulants, not including cocaine, because that’s the most recent wave in the epidemic that we’re seeing.” […]

    AAAS Public Science News Release: A 37% drop in overdose deaths from drugs mixed with opioids – fentanyl included…Study campaigns expand to reach users of non-cocaine stimulants laced with fentanyl

    JAMA: Communities That HEAL Intervention and Mortality Including Polysubstance Overdose Deaths…A Randomized Clinical Trial

    Bridget Freisthler, PhD1; Rouba A. Chahine, PhD2; Jennifer Villani, PhD, MPH3; Redonna Chandler, PhD3; Daniel J. Feaster, PhD4; Svetla Slavova, PhD5; Jolene Defiore-Hyrmer, MPH6; Alexander Y. Walley, MD, MSc7; Sarah Kosakowski, MPH7; Arnie Aldridge, PhD2; Carolina Barbosa, PhD2; Sabana Bhatta, MPH8; Candace Brancato, MS5; Carly Bridden, MA, MPH7; Mia Christopher, MPH2; Tom Clarke, PhD9; Authors: James David, MA; Lauren D’Costa, BS; Irene Ewing, BSN; Soledad Fernandez, PhD; Erin Gibson, MPH; Louisa Gilbert, PhD; Megan E. Hall, MPH; Sarah Hargrove, MS; Timothy Hunt, PhD; Elizabeth N. Kinnard, MS; Lauren Larochelle, MS; Aaron Macoubray, BS; Shawn Nigam, PhD; Edward V. Nunes, MD; Carrie B. Oser, PhD; Sharon Pagnano, MPH; Peter Rock, MPH; Pamela Salsberry, PhD, MPH; Aimee Shadwick, MA; Thomas J. Stopka, PhD, MHS; Sylvia Tan, MS; Jessica L. Taylor, MD; Philip M. Westgate, PhD; Elwin Wu, PhD; Gary A. Zarkin, PhD; Sharon L. Walsh, PhD; Nabila El-Bassel, PhD; T. John Winhusen, PhD; Jeffrey H. Samet, MD, MA, MPH; Emmanuel A. Oga, MD, MPH.

  3. Son of Sam Walton says:

    Sometimes, we shoot ourselves in the water bong. No pharmacy lets you smell your meds. But, you can ‘technically’ get samples of wine if you’d like. A few years ago, Oklahoma had ‘recreational’ on the ballot and it got defeated pretty bad, and the biggest champions at stopping it was the medical industry, from grower to the small mom and pop dispo. Now, it all has to be pre-packaged and vacuume sealed, which means dispos must buy the ‘required’ machine to do it. Used to be, weed was sold in small pharmacy bottles, but that will change and the cost will go to the consumer. Rec laws would have allowed for the ‘recreational’ user to ‘sample’ their cannabis, even if it is only to smell it and look at ‘fresh’ buds under the scope. OH WELL!

  4. Servetus says:

    NIDA Director Dr Nora Volkow charts the future of addiction research:

    7-Nov-2024″ — I was struck early on by how we, as humans, can be so vulnerable to the effects of addictive drugs, how they can change us in such profound ways,” Dr. Volkow shares, reflecting on her early experiences that shaped her career trajectory.

    Her current research explores promising new directions in addiction treatment, including the potential that glucagon like peptide receptor agonist (GLP1R) GLP1-medications hold for the treatment of various substance use disorders. If randomized clinical trials of GLP1 medications–some of which are ongoing and others being planned–document efficacy, it could represent a significant breakthrough in addressing the treatment gap in addiction.

    In parallel, she also emphasized the importance of research to advance harm reduction strategies to prevent morbidity and mortality while pursuing long-term solutions for individuals with a substance use disorder who are not ready to enter treatment.

    Dr. Volkow emphasizes the importance of prevention strategies “effective prevention is one of the most impactful priorities because it allows for early interventions that reduce the likelihood that individuals will develop substance use disorders, thus avoiding all of their associated harms” she explains.

    AAAS Public Science News Release: Dr. Nora Volkow shares insights on addiction science and harm reduction in Genomic Press interview…NIDA Director discusses how brain science research has reshaped our understanding of addiction

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  7. rope fan says:

    “smoke rope instead of dope,”
    Is this a hemp revival?

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